Sexist language represents men and women unequally. Explain the many Essay

Sexist language represents men and women unequally. Explain the many ways in which the English language is sexist, using examples from the text - Essay Example It asserts that males and females choose their words differently only because they are their genders. Women are soft spoken and mostly formal. They care about what people say about them and so they choose their words with caution. They do not use obscene words every quite often and always aspire for decency. Men, on the other hand, are bolder in expressing themselves. Their authoritative nature dictates that they are free to say anything without accountability. Therefore, unlike women, men are more obscene (Berlin, 2003). Views of gender reveal imbalance and some aspects of bias. From this, it is evident that while males are made to exist independently, females do not. It is after the construction of the noun man that a prefix ‘wo’ is added. It is after creating the noun male that the prefix ‘fe’ is added. Insulting terms present similar inconsistencies; the most common abusive words that women use against men are dogs and bastards. A dog is the most faithful animal on earth. In fact, in most cases, it is said to be man’s best friend. It is therefore possible that the two share some traits. A bastard, on the other hand, is a human in all rights. The two abusive terms in closer look do not insult but simply refer to some aspects of being male. Men, on the other hand, occasionally use derogative words against women. Such insults as bitch, whore, and slut have been used. A bitch is a female dog and is completely unrelated to a woman. Comparing the two is thus insulting. A whore and a slut are two synonyms that imply that a woman is a prostitute. These abuses simply reduce women to their sexuality which is demeaning; women are more than that. However, the choice of insulting terms used by the two is related to the fact that women are not as abusive as men. Men are rough and authori tative in nature; they thus use abusive terms that show this. Women are weak and soft. The terms they thus use are similar. Some

Macbeth by Shakespeare Essay Example for Free

Macbeth by Shakespeare Essay Shakespeares play Macbeth follows the tragic downfall of a great man. Macbeth was once thought of as noble and valiant but by the end of the play, a dead butcher. The murder of King Duncan marks the beginning of Macbeths downfall. This is more a result of Macbeths vaulting ambition than his belief in the supernatural. However, it is Macbeths belief in the supernatural that makes him continue on the path to downfall and ultimately lose all his honourable qualities. In Macbeth the witches symbolise the supernatural. The weird sisters evoke Macbeths ambition; they know how Macbeth will react to their prophecies so they toy with him and deceive him by saying one thing but meaning another. The witches have no conscience; they cause mischief on purpose and enjoy it. The witches provide the foundation for Macbeths downfall by telling him that he shalt be king hereafter. When Macbeth hears the witches prophecies, horrible imaginings are opened in his mind. Unlike Banquo who dismisses the witches prophecies, Macbeth contemplates regicide. The witches plant the seed to Macbeths downfall. He wants the witches to stay, you imperfect speakers. Tell me more. This shows that Macbeth believes in the idea that he can be king, and that he perhaps has thought about regicide before. Lady Macbeth is also a large contributing factor to the regicide. If Lady Macbeth was not behind Macbeth plotting the death of King Duncan and manipulating Macbeth into doing The deed, none of the deaths would have occurred, therefore there would be no downfall for Macbeth. Macbeth believes that if chance will have me king, why chance may crown me without my stir, whereas after Lady Macbeth reads the letter Macbeth sends to her, without hesitation, she thinks of regicide. Lady Macbeth knows that Macbeth is too full othmilk of human kindness and that she will have to persuade him. Despite Macbeth wanting to proceed no further of this business, Lady Macbeth convinces him by questioning his pride, but screw your courage to the sticking-places, and saying that only when you durst do it, then you were a man. Lady Macbeth sees her femininity as an obstacle towards achieving her ambition, so she calls upon you spirits that tend of mortal thoughts to stop up the access and passage to remorse.After Macbeth is settled and bend up about the murder of King Duncan, he develops a guilt complex which causes  him to see hallucinations. Just before Macbeth carries out the regicide, he sees an illusion of a dagger, he questions is this a dagger which I see before me, or a dagger of the mind, a false creation. Macbeth slowly becomes more and more paranoid. Immediately after the regicide he thinks he hears voices crying sleep no more! Macbeth does murder sleep. The more paranoid Macbeth becomes the more people he murders, and the more people he murders the more paranoid he becomes, this is one of the reasons for Macbeths downfall. Macbeth also murders Banquo, because he suspects Banquo of knowing the truth. However, afterwards at the banquet, Macbeth sees apparitions again, this time the ghost of Banquo. Macbeth develops paranoia, which leads Macbeth to go find the witches again to seek guidance. The loss of Macbeths honourable qualities and the reason Macbeth continues on the road to downfall is ultimately caused by his belief in the supernatural. Macbeths belief in the supernatural uncovers his fatal flaws. Because of Macbeths belief in the supernatural, he goes to find the witches again, and after seeing the apparitions he feels indestructible. Macbeth becomes overly ignorant, arrogant and exceedingly paranoid, he lets his belief in the supernatural get the better of him. Macbeth relies too much upon the witches apparitions; he has no doubts and believes I bear a charmed life which most not yield to one of woman born. Macbeth feels that no one can harm him and take his throne, so he tells the servants to bring me no more reports, let them fly all. Macbeth does not care about anything any longer; he truly and completely believes he is invincible. Despite the witches telling Macbeth the prophecies and Lady Macbeth pushing him to murder the King, it was Macbeth that commits the regicide and continues on to the murder of Banquo. Macbeths downfall is a result of his belief in the supernatural. His weakness is relying too much upon the witches apparitions, which subsequently unveiled all his personality flaws and ultimately caused his downfall.

Web Site Promotion Essay -- essays research papers fc

Promoting a World Wide Web Site   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As we enter the new millenium, more and more businesses are deciding to go along with building what is called sites on the world wide web, better known as a web site. It seems as though these days to many people is that all you have to do is build a web site and you are set to go. Being as upfront as possible there is an extreme downside to this method. Just building the web site will not bring anybody to the web site. To get people to visit a web site certain processes have to be taken to promote the web site. There are numerous ways out there to promote a web site. One very common and successful way to bring visitors to a web site is to send out direct electronic mail or commonly known as email. This is a very simple process in general. It simply consists of sending out emails at random or premeditated if you have the time. The emails need to contain a short paragraph describing a little about your web site and what it has to offer to those who visit the web site. Remember that with this method it is wise to not be too wordy otherwise this process can develop to be very time consuming and irritating to the sender and the receiver of the email. However it is possible to email well over 10,000 emails in just under an hour. This process can only be done if everything has been thought out thoroughly and ready to go before the process has even begun. Another possible advantage to this method is that the recipient of the email may enjoy the site and forward the same email to people that they know. Emails also cost nothing if there is already access t o the World Wide Web through an ISP (Internet Service Provider). This method is the most commonly used and it can and does work (â€Å"7 Ways†). A very similar way but much less direct method is simply to attach a signature to the end of outgoing emails. Most email providers offer this option. It simply means that at the end of outgoing email that is sent out there will be a message of individual choice at the bottom of the email where a signature would normally be on a hand written letter, thus giving it the name signature. What the message says is entirely up to the sender of the email. It is recommended that more than one signature be provided to pertain to different types of people that are emailed. The message should include your web site name, addre... ...rticle, a radio program, a newspaper, etc. Just about anything that is seen or heard by a lot of people (Kent 339). The web site promoters can also offer what is known as an affiliate program. This allows viewers of the web site a chance to carry a banner from the web site on their web site. In return offer a small commission for each person that visits the web site through the link applied on their web site. As the days go bye more and more people will have their own web site. Along with more people having a web site comes more ways to promote a web site in due time. It is always a good idea to keep up with the modern ways of promotion. Works Cited Kent, Peter. Poor Richard’s Web Site. Lakewood, CO: Top Floor Publishing, 1998. â€Å"7 Ways to Promote Your Website.† Website Promotion. n.d. n.p. 29 March 2000 â€Å"Software of the Year 1999.† Website Promotion. n.d. n.p. 29 March 2000   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Free Visibility Software.† PromoteYourWebsite.com. n.d. n.p. 29 March 2000   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

affirmative action :: essays research papers

Affirmative action is just because it gives a fair advantage to black Americans, women and other minorities who have suffered from the effects of social injustice in our country. Majorities have constantly opposed affirmative action because they view it as an injustice directed to them. In Grutter v Bollinger, one can say that affirmative action is just because it is a benign discrimination. One might say that the law school?s consideration of African Americans, Hispanics and Native American student?s (who otherwise might not be represented in the student body) is unjust. However, considering the facts of the case, the school?s policy does not define diversity solely in terms of racial and ethnic status and does not restrict the types of diversity contributions eligible for ?substantial weight.? Grutter?s grade point average was remarkable but data demonstrates that test and high grade point average is not necessarily the best predictors of future success. The law school considers diversity in their admissions because they think that diversity promotes learning outcomes and better prepare students fro an increasingly diverse workforce for society and for the legal profession. Many people would argue that, there is no studies that prove that diversity promotes learni ng outcomes, but what we know is that, the law school considers diversity for a positive motive. Through diversity, students would be understanding of each others culture and come to respect different views. The school?s program is also flexible enough to ensure that each applicant is evaluated as an individual and not in a way that makes race or ethnicity the defining feature of the application. The law school has also been found to have considered non-minorities with low grade point averages and therefore, Grutter cannot prove that she was rejected solely because of her race. Affirmative action is just because it helps correct the injustice done to specific groups. Through affirmative action, people of color, white women, and working class women and men of all races who were denied their right to equal opportunities are now able to enter institutions where they explore different aspects of learning and contribute to the society. We now have blacks and women who are lawyers, cops, doctors and engineers. This is important because people of the same race are sympathetic to themselves. A black lawyer would be more passionate about defending his/her client of the same race and also a female doctor would be at a best position to understand what her fellow female goes through and also a woman would be most comfortable with a female gynecologists than a male gynecologist.

Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Equip Essay

This is to certify that we interviewed Mr. Ruel Lopez of MVERT (Morong Volunteer Emergency Response Team), as our expert for our Science Investigatory Project. November 13, 2012 This is to certify that we interviewed Mr. Jojo Tamayo of Jamta Wireless Solutions, 04 Cmdr Raymundo St., Morong, Rizal, as our expert for our Science Investigatory Project. Solar Powered Wireless Equipment for Multi-Purpose Disaster Risk Reduction Questions for Mr. Ruel Lopez of MVERT (Morong Volunteer Emergency Response Team): 1. How to make our project waterproof? Answer: Put the project on a High place or secure it with a glass case 2. What are we going to do to improve our project? Answer: Secure the transmitter in a glass case, the alarm sound will be centralized, Transmitter should have back-up, and receiver should be kept in a building. Every room in the school must hear the alarm/the alarm should be centralized. Recess alarm and emergency alarm must be different. 3. What are the effects if we put a Solar Panel to our Project? Answer: There are positive and negative effects. First, the positive effects are we can use it in daytime and it has a stored energy. Negative effects are we can’t use it in night time because there is no sunlight and there is a possibility that the battery won’t last until night time.

Reasoning, Realism and Experience, The Case of Posterior Judgements Essays

Reasoning, Realism and Experience, The Case of Posterior Judgements Essays Reasoning, Realism and Experience, The Case of Posterior Judgements Essay Reasoning, Realism and Experience, The Case of Posterior Judgements Essay Reasoning is a key area in cognitive research, involving the use of logical thinking to find results or conclusions. The topic consists of two main areas: deductive and inductive reasoning. Realism is another area of focus, this is the theory that every statement is true or false regardless of whether this can be verified. One final area is experience, an alternative focusing on knowledge acquired through the senses rather than abstract reasoning. The nature of this study is to investigate the relationship between these three areas and posterior judgements. Such judgements are formed through assessing the likelihood of an event by updating a prior probability in light of new evidence. Reasoning is one of the oldest research topics in cognitive psychology. For Eysenck and Keane (2000) [1], a key question regarding human nature and reasoning is Are human beings rational? . Many philosophers believe that the laws of logic are the laws of thought and therefore reply yes to such a question. The psychology of reasoning has progressively developed since early research. Researchers have often drawn distinctions between two models of reasoning, deductive and inductive reasoning. Both relate to types of decisions made about particular instances or premises. A premise is formed when a number of propositions are related together by a logical operator. Eysenck (1993) [3], states that inductive reasoning is a form of reasoning whereby a generalised conclusion is drawn from specific information, therefore the conclusion cannot be shown to be necessarily true. He defines deductive reasoning as a form of reasoning in which definite conclusions follow on the basis that certain statements or premises are assumed to be true. In order to develop a greater understanding of these distinctions they need top be researched further. According to Johnson-Laird and Byrne (1991) [1] deductive reasoning is a central intellectual ability. This ability is vital for various human functions such as: formulating plans; determining consequences; interpreting and formulating instructions; pursuing arguments and solving problems. For Eysenck and Keane (2000) [1], a world without deduction would be a world without science, technology, laws, social conventions and cultures. Deductive reasoning makes use of logical systems to characterise the abstract structure of reasoning problems. One particular logical system used is the propositional calculus, a logic where propositions are manipulated using a small set of logical operators, for example, if. then. Eysenck and Keane (2000) [1], change their earlier question slightly to investigate deductive research, it becomes Are humans logical? . In simple terms, do people conform to logical interpretations such as if. hen, and if so, will they make valid inferences and reject invalid inferences provided by the propositional calculus. In Problem-Solving research, Newell and Simon (1972) [1] devised the problem-space theory. This takes the notion of an idealised problem space to characterise abstract structures of problems independently of any psychological proposals (Eysenck and Keane, 2000 [1]). Some logics have been used in a similar way in reasoning research. Such logics are devised to characterise the abstract structure of reasoning problems and to determine categories of responses (i. . correct or incorrect responses). Logical systems are similar to mathematical systems in that symbols are used to represent things, for example, the length of a car is represented by L1 and the length of a bus is represented by L2. Mathematical operators can then be used to manipulate the two variables and produce a new statement. In the case of reasoning, logical symbols are used in place of sentences and logical operators such as: not, or and if. then, if and only if, are used to manipulate the situation. Although logical operators use common words, it is essential to remember that they all have very different meanings. Eysenck and Keane (2000) [1], demonstrate the use of logical operators in more detail. Using the propositional calculus, they choose the letter P to represent the sentence If it is raining, and Q to represent Alicia gets wet. A logical operator is then applied to relate the two together creating: If P then Q, therefore If it is raining, then Alicia gets wet. Truth tables are used to determine conclusions from such logical statements as provided by Eysenck and Keane (2000) [1]. In logical systems such as the one they provided, only one of two truth values are possible, these being true and false. P can only be true or false because in the statement it is raining, therefore it is either raining or it isnt. The truth tables lay out the possibilities for a proposition and consequently explain how logical act on that proposition. The tables make it possible to define valid and invalid inferences. If someone concludes that if P then Q and P as a valid inference, this is called a modus ponens. If they conclude if P then Q and not Q as a valid inference it is known as a modus tollens. Many people make a modus ponens, however not many people are willing to state a modus tollens. For Eysenck and Keane (2000) [1], the importance of the logical analysis presented here is that it allows us to characterise the abstract structure of reasoning problems and gives us a criterion for determining whether certain conclusions are valid or invalid, correct or in error. In 1993, Eysenck [3], stated that affirmation of the consequent and denial of the antecedent are important matters of focus. A demonstration of affirmation of the consequent is : Premises: If it is raining, then Alicia gets wet. Alicia gets wet. Conclusion: Therefore, it is raining. A demonstration of denial of the antecedent is: Premises: If it is raining, then Alicia gets wet. It is not raining Conclusion: Alicia does not get wet. Evans, 1989 [3], stated that most people regard these conclusions as being valid. They are in fact, invalid. In the first example, it does not need to be raining for Alicia to get wet she may have been swimming or taken a shower. This is also applicable for the second example. Therefore, it is evident that deductive reasoning is prone to error when it comes to affirmation on the consequent and denial of the antecedent. Evans (1989 [3]) found that few errors are made with modus ponens but that error rates for modus tollens often exceed thirty per cent. There is no clear definition as to why such errors are made with modus tollens. It is thought to be partly due to a lack of practice in thinking about what is not the case (Eysenck 1993 [3]). The key element in research on deductive reasoning is whether or not people think rationally and logically. Henle (1962) [3], stated that consistent errors may be a result of people misunderstanding the question, even if they apply logical thinking to it. She also claimed that some errors were due to the subjects failure to accept the logical task. Braine, Reiser and Rumain, 1984 [3], developed Henles theory further. According to their natural deduction theory, most errors found in deductive reasoning occur due to a failure of comprehension. For Braine et al. (1984), people have a mental rule corresponding to modus ponens. As a result, premises based on modus ponens are easier to handle and therefore pose no comprehension problems. Deductive reasoning research covers a wide variety of tasks, any adequate theory of deduction should be able to explain the phenomena rising from such research (Eysenck and Keane 2000 [1]). Two main theories meet such a challenge, the Abstract-Rule theory and Mental Models theory. The Abstract-Rule theory assumes people reason validly by applying abstract, content-free rules of inference. It suggests people adopt a mental logic in order to make conclusions from statements or premises. Evidence from conditional reasoning shows that people are not completely rational, invalid inferences are often made in place of valid inferences. The Abstract-Rule theory proposes that humans use sets of comprehensive rules and apply them to any area of knowledge. The theory was used by Braine et al. (1984 [3]) in demonstrating that people only make invalid inferences due to a lack of understanding for the logical task. A representative case is that of Braine and OBriens (1991 [3]) Abstract-Rule theory. This theory states that deductive reasoning is mediated by basic abstract rules. The premises or arguments are encoded into abstract rules and inferences are then created. It predicts that people are natural logicians who are slightly fallible at the edges (Eysenck and Keane 2000 [1]). Most abstract rule theories have a reasoning rule corresponding to the modus ponens and the modus tollens is a harder inference to make due to the fact that no single rule can be applied to it. For Eysenck and Keane (2000) [1] people still apply their logically valid rules but because the input to the rules is erroneous, the output is often erroneous too. The Mental Models theory assumes that people reason by manipulating mental models of a set of premises, in a similar manner to semantic methods of proof in logic. This theoretical approach on deductive reasoning was proposed by Johnson-Laird in 1983 [1]. In simple form, the model is a representation of the state of affairs described in the premises of a problem and it may be in the form of imagery (Eysenck 1993 [3]). Such a representation depends on the interpretation of the premises. The Mental Model differs to the Abstract-Rule model because it creates a central role for comprehension in reasoning. Humans develop models through their comprehension of linguistic description, their description is therefore reliable on these models. Eysenck and Keane demonstrate a construction of a mental model (1990 [3]). Premises: The lamp is on the right of the pad. The book is on the left of the pad. The clock is in front of the book. The vase is in front of the lamp. Conclusion: The clock is to the left of the vase. Johnson-Laird (1983 [3]) believed people construct such a model in a simplified form, using the information contained in the premises: Book Pad Lamp Clock Vase It is often the case that people use more than one model in consistence with the premises. A second model often constructed differs slightly from the one above: Lamp Pad Book Vase Clock Johnson-Laird (1983 [3]) states that someone who constructed only the first mental model would mistakenly conclude the clock to be on the left of the vase. It would be evident to someone who constructed both models that the clock is not necessarily to the left of the vase. Eysenck (1993 [3]) summarises Johnson-Lairds Mental Model theory in the following points. Firstly, comprehension of the premises of a problem leads to construction of one or more mental models. Secondly, the model or models constructed are used to produce novel conclusions not specified by the premises directly. He stated that there is a check to decide whether there are any additional models to invalidate conclusions. Finally, the above three processes all depend on the processing, resources of working memory. It can therefore be affected by limited capacity. Research shows that deduction has received vas amounts of attention. It is evident that people construct mental models or constructions to try and resolve a situation by making the correct inference. Posterior judgements involve incorporating new evidence to update previous judgements. For Lance Rips (1994 [5]), one reason deduction has played a role in cognitive psychology is that it has been difficult for psychologists to envision what purpose deduction serves. Logical operators are combined with variables or premises to provide a model enabling cognitive processes such as problem solving or categorisation. Rips (1994 [5]) states that categorisation is of importance due to the fact that beliefs about category membership are not deducible from evidence available to us. It is more often the case that evidence provides an inductive warrant for categorising, as in more judgemental situations. It is clear that as people receive more information and evidence they build constructions to represent problems which may or may not lead to their predictions and previous judgements changing. The alternative aspect to deductive reasoning is that of inductive reasoning. Eysenck (1993 [3]) states that much of the research on inductive reasoning has been concerned with concept learning. Bourne, 1966 [3], described a concept as existing whenever two or more distinguishable objects or events have been grouped or classified together and set apart from other objects on the basis of some common feature or property characteristic of each. Bruner, Goodnow and Austin, 1956 [3], conducted a well known piece of research on concept learning. They used stimuli consisting of rectangular cards picturing various shapes. The cards varied in four dimensions as follows: the number of borders around the edges, the number of shapes in the centre of the cards, the shapes themselves and the colour of the shapes. Bruner et al. (1956 [3]) used typically conjunctive concepts in their experiment, it involved a number of features being presented together to produce a positive card, for example, three black circles. Many of their studies employed a selection paradigm. The subjects were offered all cards and selected one at a time, the concept was not revealed to them. After each selection they were told whether they had chosen a positive or negative instance of the concept. They could volunteer hypothesis to the experimenter about the concept of the experiment. Subjects appeared to use limited strategies, one being conservative focusing. This is focusing on a first positive instance and then choosing a following card that differs in only one attribute. If this card is also positive then the attribute changed is clearly irrelevant to the concept. Yet, if the second card chosen is a negative instance, then the attribute which varied is part of the concept. Another strategy used is successive scanning. This strategy is used to begin with a specific hypothesis which subjects attempt to test by selecting cards that will provide useful information. Bruner et al (1956 [3]) discovered that focusing was generally more successful than scanning because fewer cards needed to be selected before the concept was identified. Wason (1960 [1,3]) devised an interesting approach to concept learning resembling the work of Bruner et al. (1956 [3]) and their selection paradigm. His task involved four cards lying on a table, each card had a letter on one side and a number on the other. The subject is informed of a rule applicable to all four cards. For example, if there is an R on one side of the card then there is a 2 on the other side of it. Wasons task was to select only the cards that would not need to be turned over to determine the if rule is correct or not. The findings of this task were taken as evidence to confirm a persons tendency to confirm hypotheses in reasoning situations, although it is considered valuable, there is still a lot of controversy about its utility as a tool to examine human reasoning. Inductive reasoning shows a generalised conclusion is drawn from specific information, the conclusion cannot be proven as true. In the case of posterior judgements, inductive reasoning would have not have much effect on previous probabilities to the same extent as deductive reasoning. Specific judgements are made and no concrete conclusion is produced.

A Most Enviable Condition essays

A Most Enviable Condition essays Looking back on our worlds history, no event seemed more inevitable than the American Revolution. As Thomas Paine put it it was simply a matter of common sense that an island could not rule a continent. The American Revolution was started on the basis of republican principles, which included a hatred of monarchy and the suspicion of any centralized political power. The Articles of Confederation were created which reflected those republican principles by creating a weak central authority that had no real power to rule or discipline the citizenry. However, there was much debate on what kind of role the government should play in the United States. Two political parties were quickly formed the Federalists and the Republicans. The Federalists, led by George Washington, supported a strong central government with sufficient powers to enforce national laws while the Republicans, led by Thomas Jefferson, were against any central government for fear of any form of monarchy that would jeopard ize individual liberties. Soon a constitution was drafted that seemed to solve an impossible problem combine a government with sufficient powers to enforce national laws while staying true to the republican principles of 1776. Some saw the Constitution as a betrayal of the American Revolution. However advocates of the Constitution found its accommodation of liberty and power with realistic compromises in order to uphold the requirements of a national domain to be just. As illustrated in the stories within Founding Brothers by Joseph Ellis, the founders of our country resolved this tension between individual liberty and effective central authority by balancing limited personal freedoms with a semi-potent government capable of upholding national laws. These founding brothers preserved this balance through its perilous infancy by a combination of personal decency and friendship. The Constitution granted personal freedo...

History of Punk Rock Essay Example

History of Punk Rock Essay Example History of Punk Rock Essay History of Punk Rock Essay Punk Rock, which began in the mid 1970’s, began as a fad and quickly became a phenomenon that changed the music industry forever. Punk Rock was a new sound that came from a combination of rock and pop music. Punk was very different from mainstream music and along with this new sound, an entire subculture started to form. The focus of this paper is on the early development of punk rock, the bands and musicians who started the new sound, the subculture that was influenced by the punk rock movement, the evolution of punk and the state of punk rock music today. Punk rock got its name from the slang word â€Å"punk†, meaning rotten and worthless (Maser 10). The term was used to describe this new type of music that was very different from mainstream pop and rock music. These new bands â€Å"had very little talent, wore crazy clothes, had outrageous hairstyles and carried with them a message of anti-authority† (Shively). There is no exact date for the birth of punk rock, though it has been around since the sixties. Most agree that it was sometime around 1974 when punk rock really began to develop into a music genre of its own (Black and Kismet). Some say punk rock began in New York City, while others believe it started in London. Punk rock bands were emerging in both places. By late 1976 â€Å"bands such as the Ramones in New York and the Sex pistols and the Clash, in London, were recognized as the vanguard of a new musical movement† (Jaffe). The following year punk rock began to spread around the world. Punk music was mostly being played in small local bars and nightclubs. Punk music â€Å"did not get much support from mainstream record labels and most music stores wanted nothing to do with it† (Maser 12). Punk rock fans and musicians tended to stick together and support each other. It was not uncommon for one band to borrow musicians from another. One very popular club in New York City that became a popular place for punk artists to meet and play was CBGB’s. The club’s owner, Hilly Kristal had a rule: â€Å"only rock bands with original music could play at his club†(Maser 30). Soon, hundreds of local bands from all around the area came to play. The New York scene was made up mostly of musicians with very little money who were â€Å"bored with pop music and wanted to make an artistic change† (Black and Kismet). The Ramones are generally considered to be the first band to play this new type of music. They were tired of music that they considered boring, so they began to put their own sound together. As Johnny Ramone, the guitarist for the Ramones, stated, â€Å"We were new at writing songs and new at playing our instruments, so we couldn’t write anything too complicated, really† (Leopold). Other bands that were emerging from the New York Punk scene also in the mid-seventies included The Velvet Underground, Patti Smith, The New York Dolls, and Iggy Pop. The Ramones directly influenced British punk and helped to start the punk rock scene in London (Jaffe). The Ramones played a fourth of July concert in London, which was attended by many members of future punk bands such as the Clash, the Damned, Generation X, Souxsie and the Banshees, and the very successful Sex Pistols. Sid Vicious and Johnny Rotten, two members of the Sex Pistols, are often refereed to as the â€Å"all time greatest punks, contributing not only to punk’s music, but to its fashion and style also† (Jaffe). Punk rock is really creative Rock and Roll music that is fun and upbeat. It is in-your-face music, but at the same time there is intelligence behind it (Jaffe). The instruments that were typically used to play early punk rock music included one or two electric guitars, an electric bass, and a drum. In the beginning, punk music usually only used a few chords per song. Many popular punk bands were often referred to as â€Å"three chord wonders† (Maser 15). Punk rock songs tended to be short. Most of the early punk rock songs were under two minutes long. The lyrics were usually shouted instead of being sung and were usually repetitions of short phrases. The lyrics were often blunt and to the point. They dealt with real-life issues such as government, crime, poverty and other social problems. â€Å"Punk rock redefined the music scene, and people who didnt have bands to identify with before, now had several that spoke to the reality of the worlds issues† (McCain, Legs and McNeil 25). By the late seventies and early eighties, punk rock had become a solid musical genre. The â€Å"punk subculture is often seen as a rebellious group of youngsters who often come from lower class dwellings and haven’t gotten the attention that they needed so they dye their hair, dress differently, and act differently† (Mazer 50). Actually, being punk is about being your own person. The â€Å"outrageous clothing and hairstyles were indicative of the youthful rebellion at the time, and stood as a way for punks to differentiate themselves from the masses† (Shively). Early punk fashion included ripped clothing held together by safety pins or tape. Over time tattoos, piercings, and metal studded accessories were also common for the musicians and their fans (McCain, Legs and McNeil 30). The style was about individual freedom and represented anti-authority. Punk viewpoints included a â€Å"do it yourself ethic, non-conformity, direct action, and not selling out† (McCain, Legs and McNeil 31). It was not about labels, getting attention, or trying to look cool in front of your friends. Punk rock continued through the eighties and influenced many other types of music genres, including â€Å"gothic rock, grunge, metal, and new wave† among others (McCain, Legs and McNeil 43). In 1989, a band called the Sweet Children appeared. They would soon change their name to Green Day, and start a new wave of music called pop punk (Cooper). Other bands included in this movement were blink-182, Eve 6, and the Offspring. It was the â€Å"pop punk explosion of the nineties that saw punk rock achieve its largest audience and most lucrative record sales† (Maser 10). The original punk musicians did not sell many records because they preferred to remain loyal to small labels. This was one of the first major differences between the new pop punk bands and the original punk rock bands. By the mid nineties the ideas that punk rock originally stood for were nearly gone. People began to lose sight of what the original movement meant to begin with. The newer more mainstream punk bands changed their image. The pop punk bands â€Å"focused their energy into positive topics, rather than using obscenities and shock technique to gain attention† (Maser 66). The musicians were also more musically talented in that they actually knew how to play their instruments. There were only a few true hardcore punk bands left. Punk rock finally gained acceptance by the world at large when punk bands began to gain admittance to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (Cooper). The first bands to enter the Hall of Fame were the Talking Heads and Ramones in 2002. The Clash was accepted in 2003 followed by The Sex Pistols in 2006. Punk rock started with just a few bands playing in a few small clubs. Musicians who were fed up with the rock and roll industry started looking for ways to get their music heard. The music was very simple and easy to play. It attracted fans that were rebellious and looking for ways to express themselves also. â€Å"The raw simplicity and honesty of punk rock makes it what it is† (Black and Kismet). Punk was not just a movement in music, but as a statement in fashion, art and politics. Punk rock has been forever changing and growing, and continues to influence new music genres today.

Week 4 & 5 Discussion Assignments Please send 2 different files Assignment

Week 4 & 5 Discussion Assignments Please send 2 different files - Assignment Example By triangulating both sets of results, I hope to be able to arrive at some solidly based conclusions that are confirmed by both current research and by working professionals currently employed in government agencies. In designing this particular study, I realise that is important that my research be credible. I want readers to be able to trust that outcomes that I arrive at, which means that I am now taking the time to ensure my methodology is based on sound research principles, that the research I incorporable is both scholarly and reputable, and that the eventual participants in the survey portion of the study are truly qualified to do so. In addition, as I design the qualitative study, I will be making sure the research is transparent, reliable, and useful to both the academic and business community. To this point in my dissertation journey, I have taken all three types to research methodology courses. Given the fact that my particular research emphasis is qualitative in nature, I am please to note that I received high marks in the qualitative design course. While I did acceptably in the mixed-methods and quantitative design courses, I feel my research gifts lie a bit more in the exploratory nature that the qualitative approach offers. My desire to seek out current perception in the hiring and promotion process and determine what, if anything, should be done to increase the transparency in this area in public agencies, with a particular emphasis on the Social Security Administration. Having the ability to locate qualified individuals to provide a professional opinion on this important topic, coupled with my own interest in examining current research in this area, enables me to develop a solid qualitative framework. Moving forward, I do not feel that I need to take any further co urse in research study design, as quantitative data

Irony in Silas Marner Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Irony in Silas Marner - Essay Example This paper illustrates that from the very start of the movie "Silas Marner" Silas feels sympathetic for the cobbler’s wife as she was suffering from the same disease which claimed Silas’ mother’s life. He prepares a herbal concoction and gives it to her which effectively cures her. Seeing this, the townsmen start believing that Sally possesses some special powers and they begin offering him money and silver to get treatment for various diseases. Turned down by Silas, the people start to fear his healing powers and limit their interaction with him. Therefore even though Silas cures Sally Oates, he finds himself in isolation because of his noble deed. Further, into the movie, we see the growing love of Eppie for Silas. Eppie loves Silas more than anything in the world and wanted to stay with him always. Godfrey was Eppie’s real father and together with Nancy, he wanted to have Eppie back with him; however Eppie had previously told Godfrey that she would neve r leave her ‘father’ and that’s where the irony lies because in reality she refuses to stay with his real father and prefers to stay with Silas who had given her love and affection. Dunstan Cass has been portrayed as a villain in the story. Throughout the movie, he is seen to be surrounded by evil and sin. He steals Silas Marner’s money, blackmails Godfrey and always appears to be motivated by greed and selfishness. He considers himself superior to others and constantly brags that whenever he falls, he lands upright. The irony lies in the fact that Dunstan suffers death in the way he has always bragged about. He falls into a stone pit and drowns. Irony also lies in the theme of Interdependence of Faith and Community. In the entire movie, we see faith and community closely linked with each other. The place where he lives, people share similar beliefs. Therefore when Silas loses his faith, we see him abandoned by the community as well. The faith of Silas in the Supreme Being has a close association with his faith in the society.

Hospital Disaster Planning Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Hospital Disaster Planning - Research Paper Example Finally the purpose of a plan is to enable an organization reduce expenses which may occur at a future time. To begin with, every plan and project has to have goals and objectives to be met and therefore ample time ought to be invested so that all relevant information is table. In case of fire, some on the things to consider are how the fire outbreak can occur. In some instance, fire occurs outside the premises while in few instances inside the building. The major question then is how one will handle such a case in either case. There is therefore a need to have a plan. The initial step in designing a good plan for fire emergency is to contact personnel who have dealt with such cases, for they have a wide knowledge of past experience in disaster management and therefore they would be fundamental assets for a viable emergency management fire plan (Hanna, 2008). A good plan should define basin emergency terminologies and diagrammatically show any symbol associated with fire emergency and a clear definition of the symbol and its use and purpose. This is because the team that comes up with the plan may not be the same team that will put the plan into operation. The sequential steps and measures to pursue, incase of fire breakout, should be sequential enough and easy to implement. Furthermore, a good plan should have a list of appendix to give easy reference of information within the plan. In addition, a good plan should also be able to achieve its objectives perfectly well and also it should be subject to amendment. Assuming that fire outbreak from outside, some of the objectives many include one, to ensure that the larger mass of patients who possible could be outside are well controlled in order to avoid any casualty. Secondly, in case of fatalities, first aid ought to be administered instantaneously to avoid further complication. In addition to that, the medial care should come up with ways of ensuring that the available

Planning and Organizing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Planning and Organizing - Assignment Example They also operate a mailing service, in which they offer product design, mailing list compilation, and actual mailing of materials. The firm recently began to market a line of apparel customized for industrial firms with printed company and personal identification. Planning Planning is considered as the central function of the management and pervades every action which a manger performs. The planning function tends to involve defining and setting goals and how to achieve them and integrate and coordinate them to reach the set goal (Sims, 9). Based on the information of the printing firm, the objective and goal of the firm would be to expand its business through its diversification strategy and aims to increase its turnover and enhance the organizational structure. Therefore to analyze the firm’s present and future situation, SWOT analyze a strategic planning method used to analyze the strength, weakness, opportunity and threats of the firm (Ferrel and Hartline, 122). Strength: The printing firm has a relevant experience of about 50years adding it to the list of strengths. The firm has adopted the diversification strategy both related field ad unrelated field seeking to achieve a competitive advantage. Adopted the low cost strategy which has resulted in profits for the firm The staff constitute of family members reducing the chance of fraud Sales is high and has a gross operating margin of 40% Weakness High competition with the direct sellers resulting in limited markup and volume the firm has been experiencing loss for the past 2 years, volume reduced to $3million from $5million The firm do not provide training programs to its staff Basic structural pattern is one of non cooperation and mistrust among employees and management Opportunity Mailing service has growth opportunity in the market and can be prime source of revenue and profit expansion in different market and products provide a better organization structure leading to motivation and efficient wo rking provide training programs Threats Competition in various field like printing, apparels, mailing from big firms Conflict in the organization Depressed economic climate Therefore based on the SWOT analyses it can be said that the firm aims to be among the top most printing firms in Baltimore and with its diversification strategy can capture the market share in respective market with its new and improved products. The firm to encourage effective and efficient work should provide training programs so that they are able to handle the work more sincerely and with more dedication. It has a growth opportunity in mailing serve and if utilize properly it has the potential to increase its revenue and create a brand name in the sector. The firm should use its strength to overcome its weakness and use the opportunity so to overcome the threats. Organizing The printing press constitute of 35 employees which includes family members also. The president do not provides the authority to take an y decisions to the vice president as he is not sure about their ability as well knowledge although they tend to have 5years of experience. The President can be said to have adopted the autocratic leadership style as he centralizes power and decision making and take the full responsibility and authority (Mehrotra, 7). Therefore based on the leadership style it can be said th

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 4

Leadership - Essay Example There are also positive indications that organizations that are rated highly on diversity are also rated high on other measures of organizational success. (Winston, 2001). Once the diversity and its related issues are identified and acknowledged, the organization can move on to develop systems to co-ordinate and turn diversity into its competitive advantage. One such system, that is perhaps the most crucial one for the entire process to work, is of leadership. There are however, two fold links between leadership and diversity that must be given due consideration. The first arises (as we’ll see in the following paragraphs), due to the fact that it is extremely relevant that leaders and managers acknowledge diversity of the workforce and also, and that they are trained in their approach to direct a diverse people. The second link is due the growing need to encourage more leaders from among those who come with a diverse background. The first issue is pertinent as many of the leadership theories postulate that the leaders’ social skills, intelligence, attitudes, and traits like decisiveness and self-confidence, play a crucial role in his ability to motivate and lead. (Stogdill,1974). Other theories, like the contingency theories, also put forward the ability of the leaders to adjust to the situation and to adapt a flexible approach – an approach that is perhaps the most required one for leading a diverse workforce.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This is especially true in the light that people working together in teams, are required to share healthy working relationships, and to complement each other’s skills. The link between diversity and leadership can be identified by the fact that a leader’s task becomes important in a diversity environment, as he is required to keep heterogeneous teams motivated to work together and to stimulate synergistic outputs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Secondly, a point to note here is that there is a need to encourage leaders from diverse

Planning and Organizing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Planning and Organizing - Assignment Example They also operate a mailing service, in which they offer product design, mailing list compilation, and actual mailing of materials. The firm recently began to market a line of apparel customized for industrial firms with printed company and personal identification. Planning Planning is considered as the central function of the management and pervades every action which a manger performs. The planning function tends to involve defining and setting goals and how to achieve them and integrate and coordinate them to reach the set goal (Sims, 9). Based on the information of the printing firm, the objective and goal of the firm would be to expand its business through its diversification strategy and aims to increase its turnover and enhance the organizational structure. Therefore to analyze the firm’s present and future situation, SWOT analyze a strategic planning method used to analyze the strength, weakness, opportunity and threats of the firm (Ferrel and Hartline, 122). Strength: The printing firm has a relevant experience of about 50years adding it to the list of strengths. The firm has adopted the diversification strategy both related field ad unrelated field seeking to achieve a competitive advantage. Adopted the low cost strategy which has resulted in profits for the firm The staff constitute of family members reducing the chance of fraud Sales is high and has a gross operating margin of 40% Weakness High competition with the direct sellers resulting in limited markup and volume the firm has been experiencing loss for the past 2 years, volume reduced to $3million from $5million The firm do not provide training programs to its staff Basic structural pattern is one of non cooperation and mistrust among employees and management Opportunity Mailing service has growth opportunity in the market and can be prime source of revenue and profit expansion in different market and products provide a better organization structure leading to motivation and efficient wo rking provide training programs Threats Competition in various field like printing, apparels, mailing from big firms Conflict in the organization Depressed economic climate Therefore based on the SWOT analyses it can be said that the firm aims to be among the top most printing firms in Baltimore and with its diversification strategy can capture the market share in respective market with its new and improved products. The firm to encourage effective and efficient work should provide training programs so that they are able to handle the work more sincerely and with more dedication. It has a growth opportunity in mailing serve and if utilize properly it has the potential to increase its revenue and create a brand name in the sector. The firm should use its strength to overcome its weakness and use the opportunity so to overcome the threats. Organizing The printing press constitute of 35 employees which includes family members also. The president do not provides the authority to take an y decisions to the vice president as he is not sure about their ability as well knowledge although they tend to have 5years of experience. The President can be said to have adopted the autocratic leadership style as he centralizes power and decision making and take the full responsibility and authority (Mehrotra, 7). Therefore based on the leadership style it can be said th

500 word reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

500 word reflection - Essay Example I realize that learning in a mentoring relationship is not one-way. Both parties benefit from it - the mentee, for obvious reasons of imbibing wisdom from the mentor, and the mentor, for being updated on current trends that he needs to incorporate in his mentoring. A mentor must enrich his knowledge with research. In our tutorial sessions, learning is very palpable. Motivation is high in the positive learning environment we tutors were able to create. Sometimes, the direction of learning is from the tutor to the student, other times, the student provides new learning to the tutor. This flow of learning vacillates as tutor and student interact. Sometimes, learning happens with group interactions, where each member contributes his or her own learning. Such learning is internalized when the learner is on his own, and does his own individual learning. I learned from my readings of Vygotsky’s principles that interactions are likely to go through a process called intersubjectivity. This is when two people are engaged in a task and begin from different understandings but with interaction, comes to an agreed, shared understanding. I have experienced this many times when explaining some difficult concepts to my tutees. At first, we initially debate opposite arguments but upon more understanding of the concept because of listening to each other’s opinions, we end up seeing the concept in one direction. I try to be patient considering our cultural differences, and sometimes the language barrier gets in the way. However, if I persist hard enough, I do get through to them no matter how long and difficult it takes. With the students I helped, and the limited time I spent with them, I gained insights about how much a teacher does and can do. Initially, I felt inadequate as a tutor when first faced with a heterogeneous group. However, I realized that taking cues

The Enlightenment and Its Social and Ideological Consequences Worldwide Essay Example for Free

The Enlightenment and Its Social and Ideological Consequences Worldwide Essay The Enlightenment in Europe, roughly from 1600 to the French Revolution in 1789, was an era that stressed, most of all, the rationalistic basis of science, and its application to all element of life. This essay argues that much of this rhetoric, such as from Bacon or Kant, is a mystification, and that the basic structure of the Enlightenment was about the rationalization of power and domination. This paper will begin its discussion on the Enlightenment with Immanuel Kant’s â€Å"What is Enlightenment? † move to the critique of this view from Adorno and Horkheimer, and see the more empirical approach of the Enlightenment worldwide through an analysis of some recent works on colonialism and the post-colonial ideology. Immanuel Kant wrote a very short piece on â€Å"What is Enlightenment? † in 1784. It is the chief work in this mystification. This is a piece that is easily accessible for the laymen–rare for Kant–and lays out the basic concepts of Enlightenment in the â€Å"freeing† of the mind from the shackles of tradition and religion. Kant holds that such shackles are created by the self from the motivation of laziness or complacency. It is easier to accept conventional truths than to struggle to find one’s own. Kant then holds that moral virtue, particularly courage, is necessary for true Enlightenment, since that courage is needed to go against received opinion. The truly enlightened individual needs to think for himself, develop their own conclusions, and hence, take nothing from authority. This movement is little more than a move from immaturity to adulthood; from the infantile life of the middle ages to the adult life of modern times. The formal properties of this motion is the release of the understanding from the prison of authority and received opinion. Hence, from this view of Kant, the Enlightenment and its scientific consequences have been associated with the rhetoric of liberation. The Enlightenment defines itself in the negative terms of the destruction of feudal relations based on religion and received opinion. The positive side (derive largely from Bacon and Descartes) is based on the concept that the release of the understanding can be done through the rigorous application of scientific methods to all areas of life, reaching an era of complete and true knowledge based on rational methods and principles. Hence, from Kant, science and its resultant technology is seen as liberation, and the creation of a new, utopian social order based on mechanization of all labor and the love of knowledge deriving from true principles. This rhetoric still dominates discourses about the Enlightenment and its negation of the â€Å"barbaric middle ages. † II. Adorno and Horkheimer on the Dialectics of Enlightenment It does not take long to get from Kant to Nietzsche. In fact, the amoral world of the infamous German is a mere brief step from the hyper individualism of Kant and his followers. Nietzsche took the Baconian dictum seriously that knowledge is power and of course, power is domination. The Kantian mystification of the Enlightenment had been exposed for generations in European letters from the conservative reaction against modern science to the leftist agitation of the above authors. In their 1944 work, Adorno and Horkheimer seek to eliminate the mystification that Kant had ushered in as the basic sense of Enlightenment self-definition. Their argument is a complex one, but it can easily be taken apart into eight specific movements or moments. 1. The Enlightenment, with its stress on science and hence technology, has not led to liberation, but to a hyper-centralization of power and technical authority. The knowledge necessary for specialized science and its administration are, by definition, available only to a few specialists. This means that Enlightenment individualism has led to a Nietzschian stress on the will to power of science. This will to power has resolved itself into a fetishization with central power and authority, and an esoteric sense of science as the new priesthood, available only to a few specialist and the moneyed powers who finance them. 2. This centralization of power and the domination of a scientific and technocratic elite has led to the creation of a uniform ideology: a sense of the power of science and the moneyed powers who control them. The issue here is that the scientific ideology is the only one, and that all problems can be solved by the judicious application of the scientific method, only if they receive enough money and power to do it. Science, at first a limited method of solving problem, has resolved itself into the domination of materialism and the creation of a scientific establishment, a set of institutions that identifies itself with â€Å"science† proper. In other words, the scientific establishment has taken the name of science and pinned it to themselves. 3. The domination of science and enlightenment capital relations has led to new forms of scientific consciousness like sociology, which has led to the standardization of society, and this standardization of social life has taken the form of labeling consumers. Creating consuming pockets of people who are seen not as people but as machines that buy the products that the capitalist technocracy has created. Citizenship has been replaced by consumption and being a part of the great chain of capitalist relations. 4. Even more than this, not only has political and economic power been tightly centralized, but even the very ideas of the population and their perceptions of the world are created and maintained by the â€Å"culture industry† that complex of capital and modern science that has sought to entertain the masses for profit, but have also replaced their own perceptions with that of the â€Å"cultural elite. † From the individualism of Kant, science and Enlightenment has created a new kind of human being: the slave that does not know he’s a slave. The entertainment industry that is so often a target of both left and right has taken upon itself, in the name of both profit and Enlightenment, to recreate the very perceptual matrix of the population as a whole. Replacing actual perception with their own, and hence, dictating music, dress, even cuisine according to its taste, quickly adopted by the masses who think they are thinking for themselves. 5. The movies, as well as the mass production entertainment industry of the technocracy, has recreated the person according to its own will. Reality itself is the creation of the â€Å"illusion industry† and has destroyed the last vestiges of individuality. Kant is exposed as a naive writer at best. 6. The creation of genre is part of the cultural domination of the technocracy. Genre is a pseudo-intellectual method of both standardizing production, but more importantly, the standardization of consumer taste. Genre is the destruction of culture for this reason. 7. This destruction of culture by forcing it into the standardization of genre means that art has been taken from the realm of the individual or the culture and placed into the realm of the machine: the culture machine that seeks to standardize art so as to make it amenable to scientifically planned consumption and production. Art is merely another commodity. 8. Finally, the culture itself becomes a single, commodified and standardized reality: the creation of the scientific technique as applied to film, entertainment and art. What has begun as a drive to liberate consciousness and the intellect has led to a scientific dystopia of enslavement to a series of media illusions, themselves based around profit and a centralized technocratic apparatus that has stamped out all free thought and has even commodified dissent from its own order.

Development of Radio in African Countries

Development of Radio in African Countries Chris Cazalet Essay: The Development of radio in African countries, including South Africa Radio is the most important medium in Africa. Its Flexibility, low costs, and oral character meet Africa’s situation very well. It remains the top medium in terms of the number of people that it reaches (Mytton). Radio is the fundamental mass-medium in Africa as it holds the widest reach and the highest audience numbers compared to television (TV), newspapers and other information and communication technologies (ICTs). Over the last 20 years radio has experiences a regeneration, due to democratisation and more affordable technology, today radio has proved to be far more hands-on and a straightforward type of communication then it possibly was in older times. Adding to the development is the welcoming of new technologies that have become available – this has evolved radio into more of a two-way medium, assisting in the bridge of the digital divide by providing information tools for access to all audiences (Mytton). Radio as a source of news and entertainment is completely unrestricted by the internet. One of the main developmental content encounters on African Radio is the need to produce programmes on a tight budget. The dominant principles of African radio is live broadcast, rather than arranged programmes (Myers, 2008). Future technologic trends seem to be enhancing rather than replacing radio. It is unlikely that TV will challenge radio as it is developing at a lower process then expected. â€Å"At the level of international donor support, radio, which at one time was regarded at the ‘poor cousin’ of the newer ICTs, has been brought back into the ICT family, there is renewed interest at the policy level.† (Myers, 2008). There are four classes that radio stations can be divided into today, state-controlled public radio; privately owned commercial radio; community-controlled radio and international radio. Because a country’s media may be loosened does not mean that there are not huge stresses on press freedom and countless economic challenges met by broadcasters. Technology seems to be enhancing rather than replacing radio. Radio is uniquely matched to the African context, being an aural and portable medium in a continent that is primarily non-literate (Myers, 2008). The history of radio development emerged from three separate stages, beginning in 1924 when they first South African broadcasts took place. There was the colonial period, radio was the main medium which was brought in to serve the settlers and the welfares of the colonial powers. Later on the ruling classes introduced radio services presented by and for the indigenous people. The domestic broadcasting system of all European authorities such as the British independent public service model of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) or the French government radio stations were not government monopolies (Mytton). The earliest broadcasting that appeared on the continent was in in South Africa. In Johannesburg, Cape Town, and Durban, three organizations – an advertising group, a private dub, and a local authority; these organisations were granted licenses to broadcast. They all soon were taken over by an entrepreneur who, through difficulty, moved the stations toward commercial practicality. The government did not see this commercial practicality as a service they sought after – after inviting John Reith, the BBC’s first director-general, to come to South Africa in 1934 to help them develop a national public service form of broadcasting thus the South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC) was created in 1936. SABC drifted from BBC’s working mannerisms soon after its establishment. It was never far from the political influence and control which grew during the years of apartheid. For a large period the SABC programmes were dictated by white audiences until 1943, it only broadcasted in English and Africans, leaving the African audiences ignored. In the 1960’s broadcasting for Africans extended when Radio Bantu was developed during apartheid to emphasise the apartheid ideology of the separation of the races (Mytton). After World War 2 broadcasting expanded in most of the African colonies and became one of the official British policies, radio services would be developed to educate and inform the African listeners. Torn Chalmers, a successful BBC radio producer who was involved in developing of the radio is Nigeria, Malawi, Zambia and Tanzania, along with others tried to separate broadcasting from government. In spite of the establishment of public corporation in several British regions, stations were closely managed by their corresponding governments and had little independence (Mytton). The French developed a different policy, nearly all broadcasting in French regions were in the French language. Radio broadcasting to a large extent, originated in France through the Societe de Radio-diffusion de la France d’Outre-Mer (Society for Radio Transmission to French Overseas Territories – SORAFOM). It was not until the 1960’s the decade when African colonies were granted independence and allowed to establish national radio broadcasters (Mytton). In most countries the national and regional radio represent the voice of the government. The main difference between state radios and independent radios are that state radios reach nation-wide and independent radio stations are confined to urban areas. Independent radios also have almost all been FM stations where as state radio stations are of various stations (Mytton). Community Radio has becoming a growing importance to the accessability of information and a tool of empowerment for local communities across Africa, they face several challenges with regard to sustainability. There is no certainty to the long-term future of this sector – despite it its growth in numerous countries. (MCgregor, 2006) Independent radios stations can be catorgorised into five types. Fully commercial stations that seek to make a profit, religious radio stations – these stations are mostly supported by sponsors, the growth of commercial radio could change the weakness of many states that support the talented artist that have had to stop working because of inadequate payments – these artists find that they do better by marketing their own music at street venders. Community radion stations which could be seen as the fastest growing sector – these stations are often staffed by volunteer helpers, run at low cost and sponsored from the outside. By 2000 there were over 70 radio stations in South Africa and more then 100 in West Africa. Community radio stations contribute to the national edication and development which is of major importance – there are many developmental agencies strongly favour the use of radio campaigns for better health, in the past these campaigns and advert isments were very dull however in recent years there has been a growth in the imaginative and entertaining use of the radio to encourage the development of these areas. The fourth and fifth categories each emerged as the result of ethnic or other struggles. Factional radio stations were used to promote a specific section in a struggle. This category was also referred to as the hate radio station. The fifth category, humanitarian radio stations, was a standing power to factional radio. Radio power in Africa led numerous aid agencies, including the United Nations, in support of the establishment of humanitarian radio stations that encourage peace, harmony and democracy. (Myers, 2008) In the 21st century there have been many technological advances that have boosted broadcasting to new invisions of direct satellite broadcasting. Digital shortwave is the future of radio tansmissions and if Africa can employ this new technology it will revolutionize radio broadcasting over the whole African continent. References MCgregor, S. (2006). Reserach Summary Report Africa Media Development Initiative. Rhodes University. London: BBC World Service Trust. Retrieved from http://africanmediainitiative.org/content/2013/07/22/AMDI-BBC-summary-report.pdf Myers, M. (2008). Radio and Development in Africa Concept Paper. Canada: International Development Research Centre of Canada. Retrieved from http://www.amarc.org/documents/manuals/12481943581Radio_and_Development_in_Africa,_a_concept_paper.pdf Mytton, G. (n.d.). A Brief History of Radio Broadcasting in Africa. Retrieved from http://www.transculturalwriting.com/radiophonics/contents/usr/downloads/radiophonics/A_Brief_History.pdf

Alchemy -the Predecessor Of Modern Chemistry :: essays research papers

There are many ways to examine the subject of alchemy, including alchemy as a source of symbolism, psychology, and mysticism. It has also been an influence on the world view of various writers, artist, and musicians. The focus of this report is alchemy as a pre-chemistry, which gave a new impulse towards the preparation of medicinal remedies and also was a major influence on today's scientific investigations.Alchemy is an ancient art, practiced in the Middle Ages. The fundamental concept of alchemy stemmed from Aristotle's doctrine that all things tend to reach perfection. Because other metals were thought to be less perfect than gold, it was reasonable to believe that nature created gold out of other metals found deep within the earth and that a skilled artisan could duplicate this process. It was said that once someone was able to change, or transmute a "base" chemical into the perfect metal, gold, they would have achieved eternal life and salvation. In this way, alchemy turned into not only a scientific quest, but a spiritual quest as well. Although the purposes and techniques were often times ritualistic and fanciful, alchemy was in many ways the predecessor of modern science, especially the science of chemistry.The birthplace of alchemy was ancient Egypt, where, in Alexandria, it began to flourish during the Hellenistic period. Also at that time, a school of alchemy was developing in China. The writings of some Greek philosophers may be considered to be among the very first chemical theories, such as the theory that all things are composed of air, earth, fire, and water. Each of these were represented by different elements, such as sulfur, salt, mercury, and, ideally, gold. Other ideas held by alchemists were that each of the known elements were represented by heavenly bodies. Gold was earth's representation of the sun, silver for the moon, mercury for the planet Mercury, copper for Venus, iron for Mars, tin for Jupiter, and lead for Saturn. The typical alchemist's laboratory in Renaissance Europe was a dark, cluttered place that stank of smoke and mysterious chemicals. Many alchemists worked at home, in order to save money and avoid outside interference. Some settled in the kitchen, to take advantage of the cooking fire. Others chose the attic or cellar, where late-night activity was less likely to be noticed by inquisitive neighbors. These small, makeshift laboratories were often filled with a grimy jumble of instruments, manuscripts, skulls, animal specimens, and assorted mystical objects.

Concealed Guns on Campus :: texas law, shootings

On May, 2011, a bill that allows college students to have concealed guns on campus has been approved by the Texas State Senate according to The Daily Texan news article. Even other states are also trying to pass the law about concealed weapons on campus. Although some might argue that students need to defend themselves by carrying a gun, the law should be abolished because carrying a gun by immature students may increase violence and tragic accidents whether or not it is intentional. Surprisingly, according to some research based on interviews for students, â€Å"a study of 119 four-year colleges found that 4% of college students reported having a firearm at college, approximately 700,000 firearms based on the size of the current college population.† (Fennell, 99) This report indicates that not a few students carry a gun without realizing that the weapon may kill numerous innocent people. College students, even if they are eligible for drinking alcohol or driving a car, are not mature enough to control themselves or react appropriately in a situation. A tragic shooting on Virginia Technological University did happen, which is called ‘Virginia Tech massacre’ among people. According to the New York Times, more than 30 students including a shooter, Seunghui Choi from South Korea, were shot and killed in a classroom. Dr. Fennell, a professor of health education in the Department of Kinesiology and Health at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, maintains that students can not handle the stressful college life and might have a chance to express their stress by using their weapons because they are not mature no matter how old they are (100). Therefore, each state needs to reconsider passing the bill of carrying concealed weapons on campus in order not to result in unfortunate tragic stories. A great deal of drugs which might cause critical damage to ordinary people has currently been traded in the United States. Concerning illegal drug use, Richard Nixon, 37th president of the United States, mentioned the phrase â€Å"War on Drugs† during speech. This slogan has been used as main drug policy in the U.S. However, the drug policy is not currently operating well in reality. What does â€Å"War on Drugs† exactly mean? â€Å"The War on Drugs is a campaign of prohibition and foreign military aid and military intervention being undertaken by the United States government, with the assistance of participating countries, intended to both define and reduce the illegal drug trade.† (Bullington and Alan) In other words, to eliminate the illegal drug trade in the U.

Children with Disabilities and Their Shot at Education Essay

The widening gap between the rich and the poor attest to the saying that â€Å"the rich is getting richer and the poor is getting poorer† (Houck, 2006). The book Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America which was written by Barbara Ehrenreich showed a vivid picture of how those occupying blue collar jobs fail to make ends meet with a meager income. The irony here lies in the fact that these people occupy jobs whose services or products they can’t even buy. This phenomenon is described by the great philosopher Karl Marx as the Theory of Alienation (Pappenheim, 1959). A worker can no longer claim that the product he is making is truly his, hence, he is alienated from his products and can’t even afford to buy it himself. Alienation is said to be a product of capitalism. Barbara Ehrenreich related in her book that even hotel maids can’t afford a decent place to stay in when in fact they toil more than most middle class men do. Those who work at Wal-mart can’t even buy half of what is being sold in the store that they are working for (Ehrenreich, 2006). Though they work even harder than those who are buying their products they earn only six to seven dollars an hour. Poverty therefore is not caused by laziness because those who are poor work tremendously harder as compared to rich individuals who only sit behind the desk all day and wait for the paycheck (Anderson, . et. al. 2006). These people exhaust every possible way to make ends meet and that includes finding a second job just to pay the rent and cutting down on basic necessities. Even so, what they earn is not enough to cover for all the household expenses. If you take into consideration everyone in a community, only a small fraction of its population enjoys living a well-off life. A majority suffers from lack of resources or doesn’t have enough food to fill their stomachs. Imbalance in the distribution of resources and wealth affects majority of the citizens. The sad reality lies on whom are the ones getting much and who are the ones not getting anything at all. Majority of the people suffer from low wages while people like Ms. Ehrenreich would not even give a wink at dispensing 40 dollars for a pair of khaki pants (Ehrenreich, 2006). Forty dollars for a pair of pants for some would be too much when 15 dollars would do. The ones in the higher echelons of the society are the ones who are not doing actual hard labor. They capitalize from the hard work of the poor working class, literally giving their sweat, sweating their lungs out and blood just to make money. They work hard and gets paid less, barely enough to make a living out of it. Here is where we come to ask, why do they settle for menial jobs? Is there a job shortage in our country? Apparently, there is none. Even foreigners find fulfilling jobs in our country so why cant our own citizens find one? That is because of skills and qualification. Most jobs that pay above minimum wage are those that require a college degree or educational attainment. Not everyone has the opportunity to study in college; therefore not everyone is qualified to get a high paying job. Even if they get to study college, more often than not they are not able to maximize the learning in the school because of factors such as lack of sleep and decent meal. More so for children with disabilities and are from a poor family. There are other factors that affect a child’s learning and comprehension in class and more often than not, these factors are often overlooked especially in a normal class setting. These children are categorized as lazy, mentally slow or hopeless. They suffer from discrimination and â€Å"labeling† which according to psychology, will damage and weaken the child’s perception and self-esteem. Barbara Ehrenreich, in her book, was able to somewhat apply sociological imagination which was coined by C. Wright Mills in 1959 in her analysis on the state of the people in the labor force. She was able to show why these people are often found by their supervisors slack and not so enthusiastic in their jobs. This is due to lack of sleep and fatigue caused by having two jobs, not having proper and complete meal, and lacking other necessities that makes a worker productive. She went beyond the conventional notion that they are inherently lazy and is not competitive. The sociological imagination links poverty to larger picture, one that occurs in society as a whole and not just on the individual (Mills, 2000). If sociological imagination is to be applied in a classroom setting, a child with disabilities coming from a poor family not being able to keep up with the lessons will not be viewed as sheer laziness by the child or the parents. Rather, a broader picture will enable the teachers to analyze the complexities of poverty that ultimately caused the child to exhibit slow performance in class or even cause the child’s disability. For one, an impoverished family can’t afford regular check ups and medicines upon conception of the child. This alone increases the risks of having complications during pregnancy. We can’t blame the parents if they have no money in preparation for the pregnancy because this family is caught up in the complex web of poverty. The parents might be working hard to give the child a better future but factors such as inflation, epidemic, wide scale cost-cutting of companies, national depression and other factors may have hindered them from preparing for the birth of the child. The rate of poverty for families with children below 18 years of age is 27% (Jackson, 2000). Poverty for a child with disabilities can cause him his future. For one, parents fail to give these children proper medicines and other necessities for them to function normally. Consequently, these parents can’t afford to enroll their child in a school for children with disabilities. As a result, they either become the laughing stock of the entire classroom or they stop going to school. Either way, if they don’t get proper education they too will be caught up in the vicious cycle of poverty (Zou, 2005). Inclusive Classrooms The philosophy of inclusion operates on the premise that a child with disabilities will learn more about society and will have better chances at his future when he is not segregated from society itself. Simply put, inclusion setting allows for children with disabilities to participate in a normal class and encourage him to participate like a normal student instead of discriminating him on the grounds of his disabilities (Salend, 2007). The classroom then becomes a pool of diverse students wherein children with disabilities learn to socialize with normal children and normal children will then learn to respect and not discriminate children with disabilities or those who have cultural background (Salend, 2007). This setting is said to be beneficial to both the normal and special children since they will be able to socialize and prepare for their encounter with diverse individuals in the future. Inclusive setting entails collaboration with the parents and is a tedious process. It is a participatory process wherein the children and the parents are part of the planning and not just mere receivers. They asses the needs of the students and adjust to it so that they will be able to address their individual needs. However such task requires much effort from the teachers, parents and the students (Salend, 2007). This is where most of the dilemma comes from. If the effort of the teachers in the inclusive setting is the same as those in the special learning institution, they ought to be paid much higher than normal teachers. A participatory classroom setting really needs much effort and patience for it to work, however if the goal of the educator/teacher is to teach efficiently then effort should not be an issue. As an educator it is their duty and pride to see their students learn. The success of inclusive learning is a case-to-case basis since the needs of the students are different. There are students who require stringent measures in a classroom setting because of health risks of aggressive behaviors. While inclusive setting is good for the social and emotional skills of a child, the safety and health of the students should be taken into consideration. Conclusion Inclusive classrooms give a ray of hope for those who are financially challenged. It increases the chances of a physically challenged child to have a better shot at his future. Much like most of the children from poor families, the chances of these children in getting low-wage or below minimum wage jobs will also decrease. Once they acquire the skills needed for high paying jobs then the cycle of poverty in their own family will be broken. However such is just a small part of the poverty puzzle. The U. S. as an industrialized country, has one of the widest inequality gaps in the world in terms of income (Schifferes, 2003). Despite its ability to generate income, it remains a fact that even powerful corporations and few individuals still hold more than 60 percent of the economy. Capitalism as Marx would put it will always divide and widen the gap between those who do labor and those who sit and watch them work, thus, the rich and the poor. Poverty will never be resolved overnight or it may not be the concern of the government or the society, but it is the duty of the government or the state to ensure equal distribution of wealth. They should protect the basic rights and interest of its people because the state is created by the people and for the people. The government must provide better programs with regards to education, in which it will cater the need of poor families. Education must be considered as a right not a privilege. It is indeed true that the chances of getting a good quality of education for the poor is thin, however by maximizing the resources such as the ordinary classroom setting and transforming it to inclusive classroom setting, even poverty can be alleviated. It is through collaborative and participatory action that a society can achieve progress.

Criminal Law Evaluation Paper Essay

Prepare a 700- to 1,050-word paper in which you address all of the following items:  · Examine the sources and purposes of criminal law.  · Identify and explain jurisdiction to create and enforce criminal law.  · Discuss the adversarial system and standards of proof in criminal cases.  · Discuss and differentiate the concepts of criminal liability and accomplice liability.  · Define 3 types of inchoate offenses (e.g., Solicitation, conspiracy, and attempt) AND link them to elements of one specific crime (ie, burglary or murder), with hypothetical examples of each. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Format your paper according to APA standards, and include level headings throughout the paper itself. (See Sample APA Paper in the Center for Writing Excellence if you are not familiar with these types of headings–https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/secure/aapd/CWE/pdfs/APA6thWritingStyleSamplePaperV8.pdf). Limit your outside (ie, other than the textbooks for this  class) sources to two, total. Any time you have a test the next day, finish your night by reviewing your notes. This can actually help you remember important information while you sleep. Your brain will help fill in the gaps of missing pieces of knowledge  so that you’ll find that you understand more information in the morning.

Theoretical design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Theoretical design - Essay Example This system provides the facility to search and select the CD by different ways. Like I shall discuss two main approaches for the CD selection in this report: if the customer enter a CD title , for each CD matching that title he will obtain the CDs cover, availability and price. It is possible to obtain the detailed information such as names, duration, details of the performing artists and to listen to CD Product or Service: here we are going to build an online CD store. This system will be able to deliver a better facility for the people who do not have time to visit any store for purchasing the CDs of there choice. Technology: we are going to implement a system that will utilize the ASP.Net development environment where we would be able to deliver more enhanced and secure system for the online shopping and transaction. There are also a number of online shops of similar business so it’s possible by means of this technology. Online Market Environment and Competition: we are going to target new generation for this online store, so I think we have very much scope and market space to bring our system online. There are lots of other online CD shops, but we are aimed to deliver better services and having a competitive adage. In this use case I want to demonstrate the overall environment where a user wants to purchase a CD of his choice, for this purpose user will enter a CD title or some other information that would be helpful for the search of the CD. So as a result the system will inform the availability of the CD or informs that required CD is not there. Below I have presented the Context Diagram of the online CD shop. I have tried to manage all possible links among the system and its users. I have taken two types of the user that are customer and administrator. In the diagram above I have tried to discuss the main feature of this system that is its order processing facility. Here customer can find many CDs, and

Recruitment and Selection Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Recruitment and Selection Policy - Essay Example This study highlights that Ms Rosie Stansgate the Chief Investor of the magazine namely ‘In Clover’ is investing $4 million of her personal funds, to position her magazine in an influential way so that it impact ethical living. The readers of the magazine are expected to be of high profile creamy layer of the society with a strong belief in ethical living. Extensive market survey regarding the potential of the magazine if launched deciphers good business prospect for the same. At this background Prof. Oliver who is the proposed Editor of the magazine and Ms. Rosie gets indulged in a contradiction regarding the recruitment and selection policy of the company. Conflict resolution of this human resource acquirement issue between Ms. Rosie and Mr. Oliver is the main concern that has been addressed in the report.This paper declares that  on ethical ground Ms. Rosie insists her organization must treat its people with ethical values and the workforce of ‘In Cloverâ€⠄¢ must reflect a true blend of the demographic profile of Manchester. Existence of these types of human resource management (HRM) policies within the organization is quite admiring and will promote goodwill and public relation.  Different ethnic origin with cultural divergence makes the demography of Manchester quite diversified in nature. Hence it will be extremely tough to blend them under one single roof.  This will inhibit the pace of work and cause much conflict in ideas between the employees due to their diversified ethnic backgrounds. Hence, Prof. Oliver’s performance oriented and team work view with already experienced workforce would be more conducive for the organization that might translate into higher profit and sales. In contrast Ms. Rosie opines the recruitment policy should be strong and systematic, which will enable many fresh talents to be absorbed within the organization in a transparent and unbiased way. Now the most important issue that comes in foref ront of the organization is employee turnover. Minute analysis on life cycle of an organization reflects that growth phase requires experienced people to give direction to a company (till this point Prof. Oliver is justified). However, after the initial growth stage the organization starts aging and faces erosion of its talent pool for many different

The Role of Social Media in Managing Customer Relationship Essay

The Role of Social Media in Managing Customer Relationship - Essay Example All strategies at social media are directed by five aspects. These main objectives which the businesses plan to achieve on the social media include becoming popular and visible to the customers, start engaging with the existing and prospect customers, acquiring media attention by engaging with bloggers and journalists, establishing a reputation which promotes word of mouth sales for the business and maximizing the overall sales of the business. All the set objectives are essential to be implemented and they become an essential tool for the business’ social media strategy success. 2.0 THE IMPORTANCE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN MANAGING CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP Social media is considered very important for business marketers and being a new phenomenon it is spreading widely as a business development platform. 2.1. SOCIAL MEDIA Social Media is a forum which facilitates interaction of social community and allows the sharing of various contents through different social community based applicat ions. It includes different forms which include blogs, social sites and videos etc (Kim and Ko, 2012). Gaining extensive popularity the business firms and governmental organizations have started using social media as an important communication tool. Social media based marketing requires comparatively less input and it is highly cost effective if managed properly. The claimed immense development of SM can be witnessed from the following statistics (Bosari, 2012): SM is used as a marketing platform by 94% of the businesses which have an organized marketing department. 60% of the marketers constantly devote their time in the development of the SM forum. 85% of businesses which use the SM platform have admitted that... This essay approves that since recent past messages were communicated to the public through press releases, advertisements and press conferences. Over the years, new methods and channels of communication are developed and social media is one of them. Social media is an active channel which is used for maintaining social society. Social media is considered very important for business marketers and being a new phenomenon it is spreading widely as a business development platform. This report makes a conclusion that the social community and advertising on the SM affects the consumers buying behavior. Based on the earlier discussion the customers carefully assess the ratings and reviews which have been given to the products or services this attracts the users and establishes their end buying decisions. The decision of the consumers to buy or not to buy the product is referred to as the purchase decision. From various studies it has been derived that the attitudes and the preferences of the consumers towards the Brand is detrimental to measuring the attitude of the customers. The purchase intention is based on the attitude of the customer which develops with the equity. The implications of this research clearly elaborate the significance of Social Media and its contribution in effectively managing customer relationship. From this report an assessment has been developed about the effect of Social Media on customer service, brand loyalty and purchase intention of the customers. It has been noted that worldwide social media is progressing.

Mental Health and Disability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Mental Health and Disability - Essay Example Social work practice with those who were labeled "insane" in the parlance of the early 20th century (individuals found to meet the legal definition of "insanity" at a "lunacy" court hearing and committed to institutions), arose from a socially progressive reform effort known as the aftercare movement. As the earliest form of "psychiatric" social work practice, aftercare functions became the vehicle for linking the emerging methods and tasks of social work with the existing structures of psychiatric care. That link proved to be an important one for widening the perspective on what constituted adequate care for people with the most serious mental illnesses, as well as for the definition and development of social work's professional turf. The rise of social work in public mental health through aftercare of people with serious mental illnesses illustrates the important reality that strengthening a profession takes place by creating turf, not just defending it (Barnes and Mercer, 2006, 45-8). This perspective thrives in unstable and shifting circumstances when prevailing definitions and boundaries are in flux. It is a useful perspective for the social work profession to confront the upheaval and uncertainty currently experienced in human services (Campbell, 2000, 95). From the 1906 establishment of an aftercare committee with a single social work-trained aftercare agent at New York's Manhattan State Hospital to 1930 when U.S. census data reported social workers employed in state mental hospitals in half of the states in the country, social work became identified with the function of aftercare. The processes that established this identification illustrate critical connections between social activism for an "idea" and the creation of professional "place." Such connections are important sources of professional legitimization through establishing what sociologist Andrew Abbott (1988) referred to as "jurisdictional claims" or assertions of specific links between a profession and its work (Barnes and Mercer, 2006,